Folk Art and Culture of Uttarakhand
There is special significance of art in the development of human culture. From ancient period, human expresses the things or feeling through arts what ever is/she seen in the nature. It creates the concrete/tangible form of culture. The art has been developing alongwith the passage of time. In fact, the art is the sacred perception of human being. It expresses his/her soul. Its birth/origin did not occur in a particular place or time. The art developed in different civilisations according to environment. At present, the globalisation of its form has been done. There is extreme scarcity in expressions of feelings/sentiments. The folk art of every reign has its own speciality and tendency. It can be clearly understood in art, architecture, craft, art of painting and sculpture etc.
1. Folk pictures
Epan/Marked/Painted Art
Epan means to smear with hand or to make drawing portrayal with finger. It is also called numeral art of painting. Soil and solution of rice is used to make it. It is made by girls and women at the place where, festival is celebrated or ritual is performed. Their names are christened according to function. Examples are as under
Shivarchana (Worship of lord Shiv):
Shiv Peeth (Sent of Lord Shiv)..
Laxmi Puja (Worship of Goddess Laxmi:
The Goddess of wealth) - Laxmi Yantra. (Amulet or Talisma of Goddess Laxmi.
Epan of Kholi (Cell/Closet):
Made in courtyard during festivals/ functions Doorsill Epan Jyunti Matrika - (Jyoti Matrika): (Luminous/ Radia NT Goddess - Pictures of deities Delineated with various colours on the occasions of Janmastami, Dushehara, Navratri and Deepawali etc.
Scattered Pictures
Pictures made with brush and fingers on papers or on doors.
Feet of Laxmi: The Goddess of Weath.
2. Mural/Fresco Painting
Mural or Fresco painting were existent in ancient period in the caves of Kumaon and Garhwal. It clearly proves! Verities that human beings were existent in this hilly tract on land Barboond (To make pictures on walls joining small dots (stippling) mural art of painting is also prevalent. There is prevalence of delineating the figure of god Ganesh alongwith goddess Laxmi, Durga, Sarswati and other gods and goddesses on the occasion of marriage, ceremony/sacrament. It is called Jyuti Martrika. The impressions are marked on walls during the occasions of Durgastami and Harela festivals. It is called Durga Thap. At present, the pictures/ painting of Jyuti, Janmastami. Nag Panchami, Durgastami Made of paper, cloth. wood are hung of walls. It is called painting on a canvas. The pictures/portraits Decorated on walls are called Dwarpaksh (Portrait on doors.)
1. Janma Patri/Pothi Chitra: (Horoscope)
2. Kapal Par Swastik Chitra:
(Benefactory and auspicious mark on forehead, at the time of Yagyopaweet sanskar.
3. Seli Alankaran:
Decoration/Embellishment on Scarf and Necklace and in a plate at the time of marriage ceremony.
4. Pichhaurh:
To colour/paint Shawl which is worn by the women of kumaon.
Engraving/Chiselling in Stone:
The development of engraving/Chiselling in stone or rock is done keeping in view the local requirement. The person who chisels stone is called ORH in Local dinlect. It is a commercial art it was applied in making of idol/statue. At present, it is rapidly declining. Idols of deities are made of clay.
Wooden Art/Craft:
It is applied in the pillurs of building It is also applied in the doors of houses and temples. In addition to this. It is also applied in making idols and toys. The pictures of deities, animals, birds, fruits and flowers were delineated in poles of buildings. Now, there are relics/ residues only of these things. The best example of this art is there in the gate of Surya Mandir (Surya Temple) in Kattarmal.
Handicraft:
Making of ornaments, utensils, weapons. tools, knitting/sewing are prominent in handicraft. The Manufacturers of utensils of copper, brass and iron and developed from ancient period. Woollen eutton and other types of cloths are made. The people of Moriya schedule tribe make woollen cloths. The craft of making carpet of these people is extremely beautiful. Baskets, Mate. (Soop, MOSTA in local Kumaoni Dinlect) are made of cane in Dharchula and Munsyari of Pithoragarh district.
The painters/artista of Mughal period were Shyam Das and Hardas. The descendants of Hardas developed Garhwal-genre Style Hiralal. The son of hardas was the prominent main figure to start Garhwal Genre/style Mangat Ram was the son of Hira Lal. Maula Ram was the son of Mangat Ram He (Maula Ram, 1743-1833) was the greatest artist of Garhwal Style. He made the pictures/portraits of Pradip Shah, Lalit Shah, Jaykirti Shah and Pradyumna Shah. He was under their Patronage. He was absorbed and devoted to this art during the last period of his life. Pratim Shah learned the art of painting from Maula Ram. The Co-ordination of picture and poetry (Poetic Charm was the Prominent speciality of Mania Ram's pictures.
Establishment
Prominent Forts
Fort of Khagmara: Almora (Bhism Chand)
Fort of Lalmandi: Almorn (Lyan Chand), Fort, (Moyara)
Malla Mahat: Almori (Kalyan Chand)
Raj Bunga :Champawat (Som Chand)
Fort of Naitharha: Almora Gorkha Period
Fort of Banasur:Champwat (Local name Markot)
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