Operating system and Graphical User interface Class 8 notes
•Operating System
An operating system is a set of commands which can perform a specific task on the computer and helps the user to interact with the computer. It is also a system software.
NEED OF OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is the most essential program that allows a computer to run and execute programs. Without an operating system, a computer cannot be of any important use since the computer’s hardware won’t be able to communicate with the software.
NEED OF OPERATING SYSTEM
An operating system is the most essential program that allows a computer to run and execute programs. Without an operating system, a computer cannot be of any important use since the computer’s hardware won’t be able to communicate with the software.
•Functions of Operating System
Functions of an operating system have been mentioned below :
- Input and Output Management
An operating system manages input and output. It keeps a check on the working of various devices attached with computer.
- Memory Management
An operating system manages the memory of the computer. It manages both primary and secondary memory of the computer.
- Processor Management
An operating system manages multiple applications at a time. It manages the working of processor so that all the jobs are completed by the processor.
An operating system manages input and output. It keeps a check on the working of various devices attached with computer.
- Memory Management
An operating system manages the memory of the computer. It manages both primary and secondary memory of the computer.
- Processor Management
An operating system manages multiple applications at a time. It manages the working of processor so that all the jobs are completed by the processor.
- Runs Software
All other software programs like MS-Word, MS-PowerPoint, MS-Excel, Paint cannot work without an operating system.
- Establishment and enforcement of a priority system.
It determines and maintains the order in which jobs are to be executed in the computer system.
• Automatic transition from job to job as directed by special control statements.
• Interpretation of commands and instructions.
• Coordination and assignment of compilers, assemblers, utility programs and other software to the various user of the computer system.
•Features of Operating Systems
• Interface
An operating system is an interface between user and computer. An operating system’s user interface determines how the user interacts with the computer. The two most common forms of a user interface are the Command Line Interface (CLI) and the Graphical User Interface (GUI). A CLI provides a prompt at which commands can be given line-by-line. This kind of interface is usually implemented with a program called a command line shell, which accepts commands as text input and converts them to the appropriate operating system functions.
• System calls
On modern microprocessors, there are at least two modes of operation: kernel mode and user mode. If an application running in user mode tries to perform a privileged operation, for example; directly accessing the hardware, the CPU will most likely throw an exception.
How does an application read input from the keyboard or write to the screen ? It does so by sending a request to the kernel. This process ensures that application programs do not execute those code that could damage the system.
On modern microprocessors, there are at least two modes of operation: kernel mode and user mode. If an application running in user mode tries to perform a privileged operation, for example; directly accessing the hardware, the CPU will most likely throw an exception.
How does an application read input from the keyboard or write to the screen ? It does so by sending a request to the kernel. This process ensures that application programs do not execute those code that could damage the system.
• Device drivers
A computer system is usually made up of several devices such as disk drives, keyboards, mice, video adapters, sound cards, etc. When a user attaches such devices to their computer, they expect the operating system to identify the device and make use of it. Indeed, the operating system may know what the device is but not how to communicate with it. The latter problem is solved by means of a driver. A device driver is a computer program that controls a particular device attached to a computer. It provides an interface through which the operating system can transparently make calls to the device.
• File system
Every computer file is stored in a linear space on a storage. Each file has its address on storage. File systems keep track of unused space on the disk as well as additional information about each file such as the name, size, owner, creation date, access control, encryption, etc. What is more, file systems manage the directory structure and the mapping of file names to file control blocks.
• Security
An operating system provides security features. A user can use password to secure the system.
Every computer file is stored in a linear space on a storage. Each file has its address on storage. File systems keep track of unused space on the disk as well as additional information about each file such as the name, size, owner, creation date, access control, encryption, etc. What is more, file systems manage the directory structure and the mapping of file names to file control blocks.
• Security
An operating system provides security features. A user can use password to secure the system.
•Types of Operating Systems
As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems. Below is a basic list of the different types of operating systems and a few examples of operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many computer operating systems will fall into more than one of the below categories.
GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems.
GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse. Below are some examples of GUI Operating Systems.
Multi user - A multi user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times. Below are some examples of multi user operating systems.
Multiprocessing - An operating system capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Below are some examples of multiprocessing operating systems.
Multitasking - An operating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating systems.
Multi-threading - An Operating system that allows different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are :
Multi-threading - An Operating system that allows different parts of a software program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this category are :
•Description of some operating systems
WINDOWS
Windows is a personal computer operating system from Microsoft. Windows contains builtin networking, which allows users to share files and applications with each other if their PCs are connected to a network.
Microsoft Windows was first introduced with version 1.0 on November 10, 1983. Since its release, there have been over a dozen versions of Windows (like Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10).
Windows provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking and support for many peripheral devices. In addition to Windows OS for personal computers, Microsoft also offers operating systems for servers and personal mobile devices.
Windows is a personal computer operating system from Microsoft. Windows contains builtin networking, which allows users to share files and applications with each other if their PCs are connected to a network.
Microsoft Windows was first introduced with version 1.0 on November 10, 1983. Since its release, there have been over a dozen versions of Windows (like Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10).
Windows provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI), virtual memory management, multitasking and support for many peripheral devices. In addition to Windows OS for personal computers, Microsoft also offers operating systems for servers and personal mobile devices.
UNIX
Unix is a computer Operating System (or OS) used most commonly in servers and workstations. Unix was originally released by Bell Labs to various government and educational institutions. This popularity led to the adaptation of Unix by many start up companies; as a result, Unix helped fuel the growth of the Internet in the 1990s.
Unix is a computer Operating System (or OS) used most commonly in servers and workstations. Unix was originally released by Bell Labs to various government and educational institutions. This popularity led to the adaptation of Unix by many start up companies; as a result, Unix helped fuel the growth of the Internet in the 1990s.
LINUX
What is Lunix?
Linux is a Unix-like operating system that was designed to provide personal computer users a free or very low-cost operating system comparable to traditional and usually more expensive Unix systems. Linux has a reputation as a very efficient and fast-performing system. Linux’s kernel (the central part of the operating system) was developed by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki in Finland. To complete the operating system, Torvalds and other team members made use of system components developed by members of the Free Software Foundation for the GNU Project.
Linux is a Unix-like operating system that was designed to provide personal computer users a free or very low-cost operating system comparable to traditional and usually more expensive Unix systems. Linux has a reputation as a very efficient and fast-performing system. Linux’s kernel (the central part of the operating system) was developed by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki in Finland. To complete the operating system, Torvalds and other team members made use of system components developed by members of the Free Software Foundation for the GNU Project.
Linux is a remarkably complete operating system, including a graphical user interface, an X Window System, TCP/IP, the Emacs editor and other components usually found in a comprehensive Unix system.
Unlike Windows and other proprietary systems, Linux is publicly open and extendible by contributors.
Unlike Windows and other proprietary systems, Linux is publicly open and extendible by contributors.
GNU Linux Based Operating System
BOSS
BOSS stands for Bharat Operating Systems Solutions. It is the Linux distribution based on Debian Linux and is customized for high performance. Like many other versions of Linux, it is free and is open source having license in public domain. Most of the features of this distribution have been taken from GNU.
The C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) developed this operating system which has undergone many changes since it was first released on 01/10/2007.
BOSS
BOSS stands for Bharat Operating Systems Solutions. It is the Linux distribution based on Debian Linux and is customized for high performance. Like many other versions of Linux, it is free and is open source having license in public domain. Most of the features of this distribution have been taken from GNU.
The C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing) developed this operating system which has undergone many changes since it was first released on 01/10/2007.
•Capabilities of Operatimg System
Operating system capabilities can be described in terms of :
- the number of users they can accommodate at one time
- how many tasks can be run at one time
- how they process those tasks
NUMBER OF USERS
- Single User
A single user operating system allows only one user at a time to access a computer.
- the number of users they can accommodate at one time
- how many tasks can be run at one time
- how they process those tasks
NUMBER OF USERS
- Single User
A single user operating system allows only one user at a time to access a computer.
Most operating systems on microcomputers, such as DOS and Windows 95, are single user operating systems.
- Multiuser
A multiuser operating system allows two or more users to access a computer at the same time (UNIX).
A multiuser operating system allows two or more users to access a computer at the same time (UNIX).
The actual number of users depends on the hardware and the OS design.
Time sharing allows many users to access a single computer.
This capability is typically found on large computer operating systems where many users need access athe same time.
NUMBER OF TASKS
NUMBER OF TASKS
An operating system can be designed for single tasking or multitasking.
A single tasking operating system allows only one program to execute at a time and the program must finish executing completely before the next program can begin.
TASK PROCESSING
Context switching allows several programs to reside in memory but only one to be active at a time. The active program is said to be in the foreground. The other programs in memory are not active and are said to be in the background. Instead of having to quit a program and load another, you can simply switch the active program in the foreground to the background and bring a program from the background into the foreground with a few keystrokes.
Context switching allows several programs to reside in memory but only one to be active at a time. The active program is said to be in the foreground. The other programs in memory are not active and are said to be in the background. Instead of having to quit a program and load another, you can simply switch the active program in the foreground to the background and bring a program from the background into the foreground with a few keystrokes.
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