Physiology and Sports class 12 notes
•Personality (Meaning and Definition)
Personality is the typical pattern of thinking, feeling and behaviour that make a person unique. Personality is defined as the enduring personal characteristics of individuals.
In other words, Personality is the combination of characteristics or qualities that an individual distinctly possesses. Personality usually means that an individual is much more than his outer appearance.
According to Sigmund Freud, “Personality is an individual’s unique pattern of traits.”
According to Begge & Hund, “Personality refer to the whole behavioural pattern of an individual to the totality of its characteristics.”
According to Carl Jung, “Personality is an attitude refers to a predisposition to behave in a certain manner.”
Personality includes the combination of emotional, attitude and behaviour response pattern of the individual. Personality is the aggregate decision made throughout the life and the memory of the experiences which led to these decisions. It usually remains consistent throughout life.
Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of people. Personality types are distinguished from personality traits, which come in different degrees. There are many theories regarding personality types, and each theory contains several and sometimes many sub theories.
In ancient Indian Vedas, personality is categorized in three parts i.e., Sattva guna, Rajas guna & Tamasic guna.
The Sattva Guna consists of qualities related to ‘‘spirituality’’. When Sattva Guna is dominant, a person has an inherent desire to be good and caring. Cleanliness, truthfulness, discipline, constructive thought and self-control are the motive force of sattvic action. Rajas Guna gives rise to passion and desire. Such a person veers towards greed activity, undertaking of works, restlessness, gratifications, dissatisfactions, and envy.
A person who is Tamasic possesses characteristics associated with laziness, inactivity, destructive behaviour, arrogance, anger etc.
In modern times, there are various theories regarding personality. Trait refers to a unique and stable characteristic that is unchanging and predictable.
GENERAL PERSONALITY TRAITS OR DIMENSIONS
(i) Physical Dimension or Traits : It is related with the appearance, shape, size, structure, weight, height, skin colour, etc.
(ii) Psychological or Mental Dimensions or Traits : It is related with behaviour, thoughts, ideas, knowledge, etc.
(iii) Social Dimensions or Traits : It is related with social qualities like adjustment, cooperation, togetherness, discipline, leadership, etc. Carl Jung’s classification is based on the social dimensions.
(iv) Emotional Dimensions or Traits : It is related with behaviour, attitude, interest, anger, happy, joyfulness, curiosity, etc. The most appropriate theory of extraversion behaviour deals with such traits.
1. (B) TYPES OF PERSONALITY
(A) JUNG'S PERSONALITY CLASSIFICATION (SOCIAL TRAITS THEORY)
Carl Jung’s Classification is based on the social dimensions. According to him, Personality has the following basic types : (i) Introvert Personality (ii) Extrovert Personality (iii) Ambivert Personality.
(B) BIG FIVE PERSONALITY CLASSIFICATION ( EMOTIONAL TRAITS THEORY)
Big Five Personality model was given by Paul Costa and Robert McCrae.
According to Big Five Theory, the personality depends upon five dimensions or traits referred as “OCEAN”.
•Concept of Aggressions Sports
2. (A) CONCEPT OF AGGRESSIONS SPORTS
The term aggression refers to a range of behaviour that can result in both physical and psychological harms to own, others or objects in the environment. This type of social interaction centres on harming another person, either physically or mentally. Aggression is overt, often harmful, social interaction with the intention of inflicting damage or other unpleasantness upon another individual.
According to Baron and Richardson, Aggression is “any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment”.
According to Thesaurus, Aggression is a “forceful action or procedure (such as an unprovoked attack) especially when intended to dominate or master”.
According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, Aggression is “hostile, injurious, or destructive behaviour or outlook especially when caused by frustration”.
CAUSES OF AGGRESSION :
The causes of aggression differs according to the age patterns such as :
(i) In Children : Poor relationship skills, underlying health conditions, stress or frustration.
(ii) In Teens : Yell during arguments, gets into fight, bully others, stress, peer pressure, substance abuse, unhealthy relationship with family members or others.
(iii) In Adults : Job stress, unhealthy relationship with family or friends, ego, to prove dominance, socioeconomic problems, poor physical health, mentally ill or sick, unhealthy conditions at home or institution, stroke, head injury, infection, disease, weakness or illness etc.
Forms of Aggression : Physical, verbal, mental, emotional.
Purpose of Aggression : There are various purposes of aggression such as : To express anger or hostility, to assert dominance, to achieve goal, to threaten or intimidiate, to express the precession, a reaction against pain, a response to fear or failure, to compete with others.
2. TYPES OF AGGRESSION
It has various types such as :
(I) HOSTILE / IMPULSIVE / REACTIVE / AFFECTIVE AGGRESSION : Hostile aggression is a type of aggression that is committed in response to a perceived threat or insult.
It is unplanned, reactionary, impulsive, and fueled by intense emotion as opposed to desire to achieve a goal. Aggressors typically have a sense of a loss of control during outbursts, and characteristically experience physiological hyper arousal. It is characterized by strong emotions of anger. It is often instant and not planned. It often takes place in the heat of the movement. The main aim of this type of aggression is to cause physical harm like deliberate bouncer in cricket to shake the opponent, in football match a player punching opponent instead tackling opponent all of a sudden movement.
(II) INSTRUMENTAL / PREDATORY / CHANNELED AGGRESSION :
Instrumental aggression is a harmful behaviour engaged in without any provocation to obtain an outcome. It is marked by intended behaviour to achieve a large goal. This is often done with careful planning and usually exists as mean to an end, like aggressor’s goal is to win the competition, without actual anger. For example, elbowing and injuring a player to gain a competitive advantage, or late tackling to stop an opponent from scoring a goal. Another example of instrumental aggression is that of a basketballer playing a foul against an opponent with the purpose of scoring a basket.
(III) ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOUR AGGRESSION : It is the behaviour that involves the use of legitimate physical or verbal force to achieve ones purpose such as sledging in cricket to cause psychological discomfort to the batsman, instigating opponent to commit mistake or serious foul.
2. (C) AGGRESSION IN SPORTS
In sports, aggression is a characteristic that can have many negative as well as positive effects on performance. However, some sports psychologist agrees that aggression can improve performance. This is called an assertive behaviour, where a player plays within the rules of game or sport at a very high intensity, and has no intention to harm his opponent.
FACTORS INFLUENCING AGGRESSION IN SPORTS
(i) Emotional Identification : Aggression in sports is highly influenced by emotional identification with the team and develops high team spirit.
(ii) Tactical Ability : Aggression in sports depends upon the tactical ability of the team.
(iii) Goal Orientation : Aggression is influenced by goal orientation and their feedback like desperate to win.
(iv) Temperature : High temperature leads to high aggression of an individual.
(v) Perception of Victims Intent : If an athlete perceives that his/her opponent’s intent is to cause harm or injury, will be more inclined to act with aggression towards his opponents. (vi) Fear of Retaliation : It can inhibit aggression shown towards an opponent out of both fear and respect. Players are often less likely indulge in unsportmanship play if they are likely to get exactly the same back in return.
EFFECTS OF SPORTS AGGRESSION
(i) Affects Performance : Aggression in sports often declines the performance, moreover, skill perfection is less due to aggression.
(ii) Injury : Physical Aggression often be the cause of injury.
(iii) Affects Mental Stability : Often extreme aggression affects the mental stability of the person thus frustration arises.
(iv) Lack of concentration : Often extreme aggression causes lack of concentration.
(v) Effects on Health : Extreme aggression causes adverse effects on the health of an individual.
(vii) Bad Image : Aggression creates a bad image over others.
(viii) Lead to Crime : Aggression often causes violence which is a crime and anti-social act.
AGGRESSION MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
(i) Deep Breathing : Aggression can be controlled through deep breathing. Even yogic pranayams like Anulom-Vilom, Kapal-Bhati are also effective.
(ii) Drink Water : Drink water when symptoms of aggression develops. Avoid overdrinking of water.
(iii) Follow Expert Advice : Follow the advice of experts and take their suggestions and guidance. Avoid multiple suggestions from those who are not experts.
(iv) Psychological Balance : The psychological balance should be maintained before the activity. Do not feel stressful and prepare yourself psychologically for the activity. Do not show panic reaction.
(v) No Criticism : One should not criticise anyone before performing stressful activity. Criticism leads to aggression.
(vi) Focus on Your Target : The players should focus or concentrate on their target. Do not get distracted towards unrelated or non-required things.
(vii) Do Sufficient Practice : One should do sufficient practice of the activity so that individual should be comfortable with the activity.
(viii) Be Self-Confident : Individual should be self-confident to perform the activity whereas overconfidence or lack of confidence should be dangerous.
(ix) Encouragement : The person should be motivated and encouraged by close ones, this stabilizes his anxiety level.
(x) Participate in Physical Activity : If a person is in stress and anxiety then he should participate in a physical activity. This will balance his psychological state.
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES IN SPORTS
Meaning of Psychological Attribute: Attribute means a quality or characteristic that someone has; in other words, it is related with a quality or feature of a person especially related to social nature. Psychological attributes are related to the mental equilibrium of the individual that embedded or encourages the individual in his/her social interactions.
Psychological Attribute through Sports: Participation in games and sports improves the behaviour and psychological factors to a great extent. Thus, it boosts the psychological attributes of the individual like boosting or improving the Self-Esteem, Mental Imagery, Self-Talk, Goal Setting, Happy feeling etc.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ATTRIBUTES IN SPORTS
(i) Self-Esteem : In psychology, the term “Self-Esteem” is used to describe a person’s overall sense of self-worth or personal value. Self-esteem is an essential human need that is vital for survival and normalcy.
Self-esteem can involve a variety of beliefs about the self, such as the appraisal of one’s own appearance, belief, emotions and behaviours. Self-esteem arises automatically from within. It is based upon the person’s belief and consciousness. Self-esteem occurs in conjugation with thoughts, behaviour, feeling and actions. Positive Self-Esteem focus on the positive aspects of life and develops talents and accomplishments, confidence, satisfaction, improves body image, overall personality, socialization etc.
(ii) Mental imagery: It is the state of mental imagination where an athlete imagin himself in an environment performing a specific activity by using his senses (sight, hear, feel and smell). It gives him the feeling of satisfaction and confidence of doing the difficult things. It develops positive attitude like resourceful, success, self motivation, overcoming hurdles. It stabilizes the anxiety, improves body image and removes negative thoughts, depression, overstress, obsession etc. Through participation in games and sports we improve the Mental Imagery to great extent.
iii) Self-Talk: Self-talk is one of the strong internal motivating factors by which we can easily overcome the challenges or hurdles. It boosts us internally moreover helps to self-correct own mistakes. Self-talk helps in regaining the lost focus moreover it re-energies person to do better and do constant effort. In sports activities self-talk is commonly practiced thus improves the performance of individual.
(iv) Goal- Setting: It is the strategic aspect followed to achieve the success or victory. This is commonly practiced in games and sports, thus helpful in setting the goals and achieving the step by step. It is also a strong internal motivating factor and brings success or victory. Thus, participation in games and sports helps in Goalsetting and Focus on target.
(v) Happy Feeling: Participation in games and sports helps to bring happy and cheerful mood, thus person gains encouragement to do more along-with enjoyment. Games and sports recreate, refreshes and re- energies us with full of enthusiasm.
(vi) Psychological Well-being : Participation in games and sports and exercise brings positive changes in the psychological well-being of an individual. Thus, improves our behaviour to and adjust well in social group.
0 Comments