Physical Education and Sports for CWSN Class 12 Notes

  

Physical Education and Sports for CWSN (Chidren with special needs- Divyang) Class 12 Notes

•Sports for CWSN

Today around 15% of the global population i.e over a billion people lives with some form of disability, of whom 2–4% experience significant difficulties in functioning. This number is expected to double to 2 billion by 2050. The World report on disability has shown the benefits of collaboration between agencies for increasing awareness, political will and strong action to reduce this disability. The World report on disability is directed at policy-makers, practitioners, researchers, academics, development agencies, and civil society.physical education is not only meant for common fit person but also for physically challenged people (Divyang) who participate with full enthusiasm in sports. United Nation Human Right and convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability (CRPD) has given the right to participate in games and sports as like other persons. Disable persons are free to participating in these activities not only at National level but at International level like Special Olympic Bharat, Paralympic, Deaflympic and many more. We should encourage and boost such types of activities. They play an important role to boost physical education programme for Children with Special Needs - Divyang. Many people with disabilities do not have equal access to health care, education and employment opportunities, do not receive the disability related services that they require, and experience exclusion from everyday life activities. This unit will guide us in physical education and sports for all.

•Organisation Promoting Disability Sports

CONCEPT OF DISABILITY

Disability is an impairment that may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or some combination of these. It affects the everyday activities of the individual to a considerable amount. Disability is an injury that restricts the functions or movement of an individual. Disability is a medical condition which does not permit an individual to perform any activity or movement in a normal way.

There are various types of disability like physical or mobility or loco-motor disability; cognitive or learning disability; intellectual disability; sensory disability; psychological or mental disability; chronic neurological disability; multiple disability etc. There are many causes like birth defect, genetic default like cerebral palsy, muscular-skeletal problem, dystrophy; environmental causes like accident, head or spine injury,electric shock, polio, medicalallergy, improper treatment, over tension, depression, traumatic shock, epileptic illness, disease, poor diet, wrong habits, postural deformity, bits, etc. Disability affects the activities of daily living, such as eating, walking, and maintaining personal hygiene. Some people need special care to overcome these. Many of these people require assistive technologies such as low-vision devices, wheelchairs or hearing aids. 3rd December is celebrated as World Disability Day.

There are many organizations which work for disabled people or physically/ mentally challenged people (Divyang). There are various organizations to provide them self esteem, respect in society, social inclusion, non-dependence, honour, courage, sports participation etc. These organizations help disabled people in many ways so that they should adjust well in society more over providing healthy atmosphere for participation in sports. These organizations provide training, coaching and guidance for participation in sports at every level like Paralympic, Special Olympic, Deaflympic and many more.

International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity (IFAPA), encourages international cooperation in the field of physical activity for the benefit of individuals of all abilities, to promote, stimulate and support research in the field of adapted physical activity throughout the world. It assists and guides the Paralympics, Special Olympics, Deaflympics and other organizations and agencies which work under it.

(A) PARALYMPICS

Paralympic started in the year 1960 at Rome (Italy). This is similar to Olympics for disabled sports person. The efforts of Sir Ludwig Guttmann made this first Paralympic possible. The headquarter of International Paralympic Committee (IPC) is at Bonn (Germany). The IPC is responsible for organising Summer and Winter Paralympic Games. The symbol of Paralympic Games is three colour (Red, Blue and Green) and motto is “Spirit in Motion”.

PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE OF INDIA (PCI)

Paralympic Committee of India (PCI) is the governing body of Paralympic Sports in India formed in 1992. It is recognized by both, International Paralympic Committee (IPC). It works under the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Govt. of India. PCI develops and promotes Paralympic Sports with the help of National Sports Federations and State Paralympic Associations affiliated to it. The Head Office of PCI is at Delhi. The objectives of this organization were to promote sports for the disabled of our country, identifying the disabled sportspersons at all India level, imparting necessary training to them, and preparing them to take part in State, National & International Sports meets was the major activity of this organization. 

PARALYMPIC ELIGIBILITY

The Paralympic Movement offers sport opportunities to para/disabled/impared athletes with physical, visual and intellectual impairments and these are divided into 10 eligible impairment types which must be permanent in nature. The presence of a permanent eligible impairment must be proven by means of medical diagnostic information that must be presented prior to athlete evaluation. The following are the Eligible Impairments recognized by the International Paralympic committee (IPC):

(i) Impaired Muscle Power: Reduced force generated by muscles or muscle groups, may occur in one limb or the lower half of the body. Examples include: spinal cord injury (complete or incomplete, tetraor paraplegia), muscular dystrophy, post-polio syndrome and spina bifida

(ii) Impaired Passive Range of Movement: Athletes with impaired range of movement have a restriction or a lack of passive movement in one or more joints. Examples include: arthrogryposis and contracture resulting from chronic joint immobilization or trauma affecting a joint.

(iii) Loss of Limb or Limb Deficiency: Athletes with limb deficiency have total or partial absence of bones or joints as a consequence of trauma (for example traumatic amputation), illness (for example amputation due to bone cancer) or congenital limb deficiency (for example dysmelia).

(iv) Leg-length Difference: Athletes that have a difference in the length of their legs as a result of a disturbance of limb growth, or as a result of trauma.

(v) Short Stature: Athletes with short stature have a reduced length in the bones of the lower limbs and/or trunk. Examples include: achondroplasia, growth hormone dysfunction, and osteogenesis imperfecta.

PARALYMPIC EVENTS

At Tokyo 2020 Paralympic the following events were conducted for disabled : Archery, Para Athletics, Boccia, Canoe, Cycling, Equestrian, Football 5-a-side, Football 7-a-side, Goal ball, Judo, Para Power Lifting, Rowing, Sailing, Shooting, Para Sitting Volleyball, Para Swimming, Table Tennis, Triathlon, Wheelchair Basketball, Wheelchair Fencing, Wheelchair Rugby and Wheelchair Tennis.

•Special Olympic

Special Olympics International was started by efforts of Eunice Kennedy Shriver (sister of former President of the United States of America, John F. Kennedy) first International Special Olympics Games in Chicago in July 1968. It is a movement that uses sports to reform the lives of disabled persons (with in intellectual disability). It gives training and coaching to build the interest in sports, skill perfection, social interaction, communication skills, and talent and leadership abilities in intellectual disabled persons. Shriver believed that with equal opportunities and experiences as everyone else, people with intellectual disabilities could accomplish far more than ever thought possible.

SPECIAL OLYMPIC BHARAT (SOB)

In India, Special Olympic Bharat (SOB) formed in 2001 ; is an organisation approved by National Sports Federation and Special Olympic International (SOI) for the development of persons with intellectual disabilities. The mission of Special Olympics is to provide year-round sports training and athletic competition in a variety of Olympic-type sports for children and adults with intellectual disabilities, giving them continuing opportunities to develop physical fitness, demonstrate courage, experience joy and participate in sports events. The transformative power of sports in instilling confidence, improving health and inspiring a sense of competition lies at the core of Special Olympics.

Special Olympics Bharat Objectives :
(i) Focus on holistic development and training that goes beyond the classrooms into the playing fields, cultural and community centres, to motivate children with disabilities to join and remain in school.

(ii) Create role models who will inspire the children and also motivate parents into sending their children to school and to participate in sports and other extra-curricular activities.

(iii) Train teachers to sensitise them to needs of special children, and create a cadre of physical education teachers from among the disabled who can work with schools and community centres.

(iv) Ensure maximum involvement of community for greater public understanding and acceptance of people with intellectual disabilities; most of our activities are run by local volunteers.

(v) Ensure all Special Olympics Bharat activates local, state, national and international reflect the Olympic movement values, standards, ceremonies and events.

C) DEAFLYMPICS

Deaflympics (previously called World Games for the Deaf and International Games for the Deaf) are an International Olympic Committee (IOC)-sanctioned event at which deaf athletes compete at an elite level. Unlike the athletes in other IOC-sanctioned events (the Olympics, the Paralympics, and the Special Olympics), the Deaflympians cannot be guided by sounds (e.g., the starter’s guns, bullhorn commands or referee whistles). The games have been organized by the Comité International des Sports des Sourds (CISS, “The International Committee of Sports for the Deaf”) since the first event. In India deaf sports acturtees are regulated by “All India Sports Council of the Deaf (AISCD). It is registered under IOA.

•Advantages of Physical Activities of CWSN (Childrens with special Needs)

The benefits of physical activities are universal for all children, including those with disabilities. Disabled person are taught in Inclusion Schools so that they fit in society,  moreover, normal people can understand their needs. All children can get benefit from the exercise, energy release, and pure enjoyment of playing sports. This also includes children with special needs. Special needs children are sometimes not encouraged to exercise because their parents or guardians fear they will be hurt. Physical activity is as important for special children. The advantages are as under :

(i) Physical Benefits : Scientific studies into disability groups have demonstrated that participation in physical activity and sport leads to improved levels of well-being and physical health.

(ii) Better Psychological Health : The psychological health becomes better by doing physical activities for children with special needs.

(iii) Overall Health Improvement : Physical activities provide good health and proper functioning of internal organs. Thus, the overall efficiency gets improved.

(iv) Provides Fun and Recreation. : Physical activities provide fun and recreation thus refreshes and re-energies. It helps to reduce stress, anxiety and depression level in disabled children.

(v) Improves Social Abilities : Physical activities provide ample opportunities for improving social skills and social interactions among CWSN.

(vi) Better Emotional Balance : Physical activities help the children with special needs by controlling and balancing their emotions and also give them enjoyment.

(vii) Overcoming Health Problems : Physical activity for CWSN helps to keep them away from health problems, diseases, illness etc

(viii) Improves Cognitive Learning : The energetic nature of physical education leads to cognitive and intellectual improvements in CWSN, allowing them to develop skills that they may not develop in a traditional classroom setting.

(ix) Improvement in Physical Skills : Physical activities performed by disabled person improves their physical skills abilities thus body output improves.

(x) Improves Fitness Level : Physical activity by CWSN improves their fitness level thus their workout, ability increases.

•Strategies to make Physical Activities Assesable for CWSN

Physical activities for disabled children are specifically designed programmes with special need considering the type of disability or disorder. Physical education programmes in a modified way help in the development or teaching or recreation and play, etc. of disabled person.

Many students with disabilities can safely and successfully participate in general physical education, with or without accommodation and support. However, some children get benefit from specially designed or adapted physical education. Contents in adapted physical education should mirror the general physical education curriculum to the greatest possible extent; because physical education is a required component of special education. It includes lot of strategies to make physical activity accessible for CWSN such as :

(i) Medical Check-up : The activities for children with special needs should be started by proper medical check-up.

(ii) Activity According to Individual Abilities : The physical activities are specifically and specially designed for the individual according to his/her ability.

(iii) Activities Based on Interests : Physical activities must be based on the interest, aptitude, ability, previous experience and limitations of children with special needs.

(iv) Modified Equipments : Equipments are specially designed and modified according to individual needs.

(v) Simple and Easy Rules : The physical activities for disabled people are having simple and easy rules, moreover, it should be graded as specified by Paralympics.

(vi) Motivated to Participate Freely : The activities designed for them should encourage the participation freely and independently.

(vii) Well-Instructed and Properly Trained : Before participation in physical activity, they should be well-instructed. Sufficient training and practice should be given to the students or individuals to participate in such activities.